Euler's theorem
- This article is about Euler's theorem in number theory. For other meanings, see Euler function (disambiguation).
In number theory, Euler's theorem (also known as the Fermat-Euler theorem or Euler's totient theorem) states that if n is a positive integer and a is coprime to n, then
- aφ(n) ≡ 1 (mod n)
where φ(n) is Euler's totient function and "mod" denotes the congruence relation.
The theorem is a generalization of Fermat's little theorem, and is further generalized by Carmichael's theorem.
The theorem may be used to easily reduce large powers modulo n. For example, consider finding the last decimal digit of 7222, i.e. 7222 (mod 10). Note that 7 and 10 are coprime, and φ(10) = 4. So Euler's theorem yields 74 ≡ 1 (mod 10), and we get 7222 ≡ 74·55 + 2 ≡ (74)55·72 ≡ 155·72 ≡ 49 ≡ 9 (mod 10).
In general, when reducing a power of a modulo n (where a and n are coprime), one needs to work modulo φ(n) in the exponent of a:
- if x ≡ y (mod φ(n)), then ax ≡ ay (mod n).
Proofs
Leonhard Euler published a proof in 1736. Using modern terminology, one may prove the theorem as follows: the numbers a which are relatively prime to n form a group under multiplication mod n, the group of units of the ring Z/nZ. This group has φ(n) elements, and the statement of Euler's theorem follows then from Lagrange's theorem.
Another direct proof: if a is coprime to n, then multiplication by a
permutes the residue classes mod n that are coprime to n; in other words (writing R for
the set consisting of the φ(n) different such classes) the sets
{ x : x in R } and
{ ax : x in R } are equal; therefore,
their products are equal. Hence, P ≡ aφ(n)P (mod n) where P is the first of those products. Since P is coprime to n, it follows that aφ(n) ≡ 1 (mod n).
The Mizar project has completely formalized and automatically checked a proof of Euler's theorem in the EULER_2 file (http://www.mizar.org/JFM/Vol10/euler_2.html).
References
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